![]() ![]() The literature has shown how formalization can cause opportunistic behavior, cementing existing inequalities, often deepening processes of social exclusion and paving the way for local and global land grabbing, by facilitating sales of land by smallholders in the wake of financial hardships ( Ensminger 1997 Benjaminsen 2002 Peters 2004 Meinzen-Dick and Mwangi 2009 Toulmin 2009 Borras Jr and Franco 2012 Putzel et al. However, over the past 20 years property rights scholars have leveled sharp criticisms against rights formalization, assessing its ineffectiveness, despite the best of intentions (e.g. ![]() According to Ostrom (1990), formalization is a powerful tool to settle disputes over use of the commons and robust common-pool institutions usually display clear membership rules and resource boundaries. The tendency among communities to make their own registration procedures, in an attempt to reduce uncertainty, seems to confirm a demand for formalization also at a grassroots level ( Benjaminsen and Lund 2002 Mathieu et al. The vision that land titling and rights registration are necessary steps in securing livelihoods and alleviating poverty gained ground among political leaders, especially since the influential book of de Soto ( de Soto 2003). ![]() State of the art and argumentįormalization is a common tool for states to document, legalize, and make legible land rights on the ground. ![]()
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